WEBVTT FILE 1 00:00:06.133 --> 00:00:29.900 [Music] 2 00:00:29.900 --> 00:00:33.066 ♪ I close my eyes and I can see ♪ 3 00:00:33.066 --> 00:00:36.866 ♪ A world that's waiting up for me ♪ 4 00:00:36.866 --> 00:00:43.066 ♪ That I call my own ♪ 5 00:00:43.066 --> 00:00:46.166 ♪ Through the dark, through the door ♪ 6 00:00:46.166 --> 00:00:49.766 ♪ Through where no one's been before ♪ 7 00:00:49.766 --> 00:00:55.300 ♪ But it feels like home ♪ 8 00:00:55.300 --> 00:01:02.066 ♪ They can say, they can say it all sounds crazy ♪ 9 00:01:02.066 --> 00:01:08.466 ♪ They can say, they can say I've lost my mind ♪ 10 00:01:08.466 --> 00:01:14.800 ♪ I don't care, I don't care, if they call me crazy ♪ 11 00:01:14.800 --> 00:01:20.866 ♪ We can live in a world that we design ♪ 12 00:01:20.866 --> 00:01:24.100 ♪ 'Cause every night, I lie in bed ♪ 13 00:01:24.100 --> 00:01:27.366 ♪ The brightest colors fill my head ♪ 14 00:01:27.366 --> 00:01:33.766 ♪ A million dreams are keeping me awake ♪ 15 00:01:33.766 --> 00:01:37.066 ♪ I think of what the world could be ♪ 16 00:01:37.066 --> 00:01:40.300 ♪ A vision of the one I see ♪ 17 00:01:40.300 --> 00:01:46.566 ♪ A million dreams is all it's gonna take ♪ 18 00:01:46.566 --> 00:01:50.800 ♪ Oh, a million dreams for the world we're gonna make ♪ 19 00:01:50.800 --> 00:01:54.266 ♪ However big, however small ♪ 20 00:01:54.266 --> 00:01:58.166 ♪ Let me be part of it all ♪ 21 00:01:58.166 --> 00:02:03.866 ♪ Share your dreams with me ♪ 22 00:02:03.866 --> 00:02:07.100 ♪ You may be right, you may be wrong ♪ 23 00:02:07.100 --> 00:02:10.866 ♪ But say that you'll bring me along ♪ 24 00:02:10.866 --> 00:02:14.166 ♪ To the world you see ♪ 25 00:02:14.166 --> 00:02:18.266 ♪ To the world I close my eyes to see ♪ 26 00:02:18.266 --> 00:02:24.366 ♪ I close my eyes to see ♪ 27 00:02:24.366 --> 00:02:27.366 ♪ And every night, I lie in bed ♪ 28 00:02:27.366 --> 00:02:30.566 ♪ The brightest colors fill my head ♪ 29 00:02:30.566 --> 00:02:37.300 ♪ A million dreams are keeping me awake ♪ 30 00:02:37.300 --> 00:02:40.266 ♪ I think of what the world could be ♪ 31 00:02:40.266 --> 00:02:43.500 ♪ A vision of the one I see ♪ 32 00:02:43.500 --> 00:02:49.866 ♪ A million dreams is all it's gonna take ♪ 33 00:02:49.866 --> 00:02:59.566 ♪ Oh, a million dreams for the world we're gonna make ♪ 34 00:02:59.566 --> 00:03:05.000 ♪ Oh, a million dreams for the world we're gonna make ♪♪ 35 00:03:05.000 --> 00:03:08.966 [Music] 36 00:03:26.900 --> 00:03:28.433 Welcome everyone to another year 37 00:03:28.433 --> 00:03:31.333 of NASA's international Observe the Moon Night broadcast. 38 00:03:31.333 --> 00:03:34.666 Coming to you from NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland. 39 00:03:34.666 --> 00:03:35.900 I'm your host, Lauren Ward, 40 00:03:35.900 --> 00:03:39.766 and I am so excited to be part of this celebration with you. 41 00:03:39.766 --> 00:03:41.400 International Observe the Moon Night 42 00:03:41.400 --> 00:03:44.266 is a time for everyone on Earth to observe the Moon, 43 00:03:44.266 --> 00:03:48.233 learn about lunar science and exploration, and reflect on the many cultural 44 00:03:48.233 --> 00:03:50.866 and personal connections we have to the Moon. 45 00:03:50.866 --> 00:03:55.000 If you go to our website moon.nasa.gov/observe, 46 00:03:55.000 --> 00:03:58.733 you can find lots of information and resources about this event, 47 00:03:58.733 --> 00:04:01.866 including our map of lunar observers all over the world. 48 00:04:01.866 --> 00:04:04.900 If you register, you can even add yourself to this map. 49 00:04:04.900 --> 00:04:09.766 Every dot you see is a person or group of people observing the Moon with you. 50 00:04:09.766 --> 00:04:13.266 We also have recommendations of activities you can do at home, 51 00:04:13.266 --> 00:04:14.500 links to videos, 52 00:04:14.500 --> 00:04:17.066 our Moon maps made especially for today, 53 00:04:17.066 --> 00:04:20.400 and a new NASA Lunar Citizen Science Project. 54 00:04:20.400 --> 00:04:21.966 You can also share how you're observing 55 00:04:21.966 --> 00:04:26.166 and find out how others are participating around the world on social media 56 00:04:26.166 --> 00:04:30.733 by using the hashtag observe the Moon, and by checking out our Flickr gallery. 57 00:04:30.733 --> 00:04:31.900 For this year's broadcast. 58 00:04:31.900 --> 00:04:36.366 We have a wide variety of videos, visuals and information to share. 59 00:04:36.366 --> 00:04:37.966 We're going to kick things off with a video 60 00:04:37.966 --> 00:04:41.033 about NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter spacecraft, 61 00:04:41.033 --> 00:04:45.300 which has been collecting an incredible amount of data on our Moon since 2009. 62 00:04:45.300 --> 00:04:48.033 In fact, International Observe the Moon Night was inspired 63 00:04:48.033 --> 00:04:52.566 by the interest in events celebrating the arrival of LRO and its sister 64 00:04:52.566 --> 00:04:57.633 mission, NASA's Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite, or LCROSS 65 00:04:57.633 --> 00:05:01.300 The information from LRO has led to many scientific discoveries 66 00:05:01.300 --> 00:05:04.400 that are helping us better understand the Moon's history, 67 00:05:04.400 --> 00:05:07.300 composition and potential for future exploration. 68 00:05:07.300 --> 00:05:09.133 with the Artemis missions. 69 00:05:09.133 --> 00:05:13.166 This video highlights some of our recent discoveries that involve impact craters, 70 00:05:13.166 --> 00:05:16.066 volcanic activity and the Moon's South Pole. 71 00:05:16.066 --> 00:05:17.033 Take a look. 72 00:05:18.733 --> 00:05:20.733 Since its launch in 2009, 73 00:05:20.733 --> 00:05:23.333 NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter has been gathering 74 00:05:23.333 --> 00:05:26.033 incredible amounts of data about the Moon. 75 00:05:26.033 --> 00:05:29.233 This information has led to many scientific discoveries, 76 00:05:29.233 --> 00:05:30.966 shedding light on the Moon's history, 77 00:05:30.966 --> 00:05:35.233 composition, and potential for future exploration. 78 00:05:35.233 --> 00:05:36.866 One of the most heavily used instruments 79 00:05:36.866 --> 00:05:40.033 on LRO is its high-resolution camera system, 80 00:05:40.033 --> 00:05:44.766 which is able to capture incredibly detailed images of the lunar surface. 81 00:05:44.766 --> 00:05:46.433 By analyzing these images, 82 00:05:46.433 --> 00:05:47.733 scientists have been able to gain 83 00:05:47.733 --> 00:05:52.733 new insights into the Moon's geology and its evolution. 84 00:05:53.133 --> 00:05:55.733 For example, LRO has provided new data 85 00:05:55.733 --> 00:05:57.333 on how the lunar surface changes 86 00:05:57.333 --> 00:06:00.566 as a result of the formation of impact craters. 87 00:06:00.566 --> 00:06:02.566 During its years orbiting the Moon, 88 00:06:02.566 --> 00:06:04.833 LRO's camera has captured the immediate results 89 00:06:04.833 --> 00:06:07.333 of meteorite impacts on the surface - 90 00:06:07.333 --> 00:06:11.933 such as scattered debris and ejecta patterns on the surface. 91 00:06:11.933 --> 00:06:14.133 And since the Moon lacks an atmosphere, 92 00:06:14.133 --> 00:06:16.933 these newly formed craters remain essentially untouched 93 00:06:16.933 --> 00:06:18.233 over many years, 94 00:06:18.233 --> 00:06:20.766 allowing LRO to continuously measure 95 00:06:20.766 --> 00:06:23.133 and collect data on them. 96 00:06:23.133 --> 00:06:26.433 This means scientists can analyze a crater formed a year ago 97 00:06:26.433 --> 00:06:27.833 and use it to learn about craters 98 00:06:27.833 --> 00:06:30.866 that formed millions or billions of years in the past, 99 00:06:30.866 --> 00:06:35.033 giving us clues about the Moon's geologic history. 100 00:06:35.033 --> 00:06:38.266 We can't replicate this type of study on Mars or on Earth 101 00:06:38.266 --> 00:06:40.366 since atmospheric conditions like wind 102 00:06:40.366 --> 00:06:43.266 are rapidly changing the surface. 103 00:06:43.266 --> 00:06:45.433 The Moon is therefore a unique environment 104 00:06:45.433 --> 00:06:47.733 for learning about our solar system. 105 00:06:49.133 --> 00:06:51.533 Another major focus of LRO’s mission 106 00:06:51.533 --> 00:06:53.833 has been the Moon’s South Pole. 107 00:06:53.833 --> 00:06:56.533 This region is of particular interest to scientists 108 00:06:56.533 --> 00:06:58.566 because of the detection of water, 109 00:06:58.566 --> 00:07:01.766 which will be a vital resource for future missions to the Moon. 110 00:07:02.633 --> 00:07:04.433 The data LRO has collected 111 00:07:04.433 --> 00:07:08.066 allows scientists to create detailed maps of the South Pole, 112 00:07:08.066 --> 00:07:10.133 leading to the discovery of large regions 113 00:07:10.133 --> 00:07:13.533 that appear to contain significant amounts of this water. 114 00:07:13.533 --> 00:07:15.066 These discoveries are important 115 00:07:15.066 --> 00:07:16.833 because they could help make future missions 116 00:07:16.833 --> 00:07:19.333 to the Moon more sustainable. 117 00:07:19.333 --> 00:07:22.066 Instead of having to bring all their own water with them, 118 00:07:22.066 --> 00:07:25.666 astronauts could potentially extract water from the lunar soil 119 00:07:25.666 --> 00:07:30.233 and use it for drinking, cooking, and even rocket fuel. 120 00:07:30.233 --> 00:07:32.333 The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter spacecraft 121 00:07:32.333 --> 00:07:35.166 is also equipped with a suite of scientific instruments 122 00:07:35.166 --> 00:07:37.033 that aid in exploration, 123 00:07:37.033 --> 00:07:40.066 including a laser altimeter called LOLA, 124 00:07:40.066 --> 00:07:42.366 that is able to measure the precise elevation 125 00:07:42.366 --> 00:07:45.533 of the lunar surface. 126 00:07:45.533 --> 00:07:48.366 Using Lola, scientists have been able to create the most 127 00:07:48.366 --> 00:07:51.133 accurate map of the Moon's topography to date, 128 00:07:51.133 --> 00:07:53.866 as well as improved lunar gravity models - 129 00:07:53.866 --> 00:07:56.733 both of which will help future exploration efforts. 130 00:07:57.633 --> 00:08:00.266 Finally, data from LRO has helped us better 131 00:08:00.266 --> 00:08:02.933 understand the composition of the lunar surface, 132 00:08:02.933 --> 00:08:05.833 shedding new light on the Moon's history. 133 00:08:05.833 --> 00:08:07.666 The data has shown that a wider range 134 00:08:07.666 --> 00:08:10.933 of compositions of volcanic rocks exist on the lunar surface 135 00:08:10.933 --> 00:08:12.533 than previously thought. 136 00:08:12.533 --> 00:08:14.166 We have found compositions of rocks 137 00:08:14.166 --> 00:08:16.833 that are not part of the Apollo sample collection, 138 00:08:16.833 --> 00:08:19.033 and evidence for volcanic activity 139 00:08:19.033 --> 00:08:22.366 that may have occurred only 50 million years ago. 140 00:08:22.366 --> 00:08:24.366 That's 950 million years 141 00:08:24.366 --> 00:08:27.366 after scientists had previously thought it ended. 142 00:08:27.366 --> 00:08:29.366 This information helps us piece together 143 00:08:29.366 --> 00:08:31.133 a geologic history of the Moon 144 00:08:31.133 --> 00:08:34.233 from just after its formation to the present day - 145 00:08:34.233 --> 00:08:36.333 information that will aid in understanding 146 00:08:36.333 --> 00:08:39.733 future samples collected by Artemis astronauts. 147 00:08:39.733 --> 00:08:41.433 Thanks to the incredible data gathered 148 00:08:41.433 --> 00:08:43.533 by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, 149 00:08:43.533 --> 00:08:45.533 NASA and the scientific community 150 00:08:45.533 --> 00:08:47.933 are making incredible strides in our understanding 151 00:08:47.933 --> 00:08:49.366 of the Moon. 152 00:08:49.366 --> 00:08:52.233 With every new discovery, we are one step closer 153 00:08:52.233 --> 00:08:55.933 to unlocking the secrets of our closest celestial neighbor. 154 00:08:57.633 --> 00:09:01.333 [music fades] 155 00:09:04.566 --> 00:09:40.266 [music] 156 00:09:43.233 --> 00:09:46.566 Hola, soy Karina. Y soy de Barranquilla, Colombia. 157 00:09:46.566 --> 00:09:49.700 En Barranquilla, tenemos una canción dedicada a la luna, 158 00:09:49.700 --> 00:09:54.633 que dice “la luna de Barranquilla tiene una cosa que maravilla!” 159 00:09:54.633 --> 00:09:59.566 We’re very excited to be celebrating International Observe the Moon Night with NASA! 160 00:10:02.500 --> 00:10:04.366 Manahoana E! 161 00:10:04.366 --> 00:10:06.533 Hey, there we are the Raminosoa 162 00:10:06.533 --> 00:10:10.166 and we're saying hello from Madagascar! 163 00:10:10.166 --> 00:10:11.733 [laughter] 164 00:10:11.733 --> 00:10:15.133 In our language, Malagasy, the Moon is called 165 00:10:15.133 --> 00:10:16.633 [Group] “Volana.” 166 00:10:16.633 --> 00:10:21.200 We have this lovely tradition of calling our parents “masoandro amam-bolana” 167 00:10:21.200 --> 00:10:23.166 [Group] Sun and the Moon. 168 00:10:23.166 --> 00:10:26.933 So next time you observe the Moon, send your love to the people 169 00:10:26.933 --> 00:10:28.800 you cherish the most. 170 00:10:28.800 --> 00:10:32.233 [Group] Happy International Observe the Moon Night! 171 00:10:32.233 --> 00:10:34.100 Mwah! 172 00:10:36.600 --> 00:10:39.333 Hi, I'm Isabelle from Melbourne, Australia 173 00:10:39.333 --> 00:10:41.800 and we like learning about the Moon at school. 174 00:10:41.800 --> 00:10:44.466 Happy International Observe the Moon Night! 175 00:10:45.000 --> 00:10:49.300 Hi. I'’m Henry, from Melbourne, Australia 176 00:10:49.300 --> 00:10:54.600 I like - Happy International Observing the Moon Night! 177 00:10:55.700 --> 00:11:03.733 [music] 178 00:11:04.133 --> 00:11:05.033 Hi there. 179 00:11:05.033 --> 00:11:08.333 My name is Anne McClain, and I'm an astronaut who has lived and worked 180 00:11:08.333 --> 00:11:12.600 250 miles above the Earth's surface on the International Space Station. 181 00:11:12.600 --> 00:11:15.733 Today, we're going to be turning our eyes toward the Moon and learning more 182 00:11:15.733 --> 00:11:17.933 about what causes the Moon phases. 183 00:11:17.933 --> 00:11:19.633 Now, when you're looking up at the Moon from the Earth, 184 00:11:19.633 --> 00:11:22.033 you'll notice that it looks different from day to day. 185 00:11:22.033 --> 00:11:23.166 We call these differences 186 00:11:23.166 --> 00:11:26.800 the phases of the Moon, and they cycle through every 30 days. 187 00:11:26.900 --> 00:11:30.466 Let's check out a demonstration of the Moon phases here on the ground. 188 00:11:30.533 --> 00:11:33.000 We're going to pretend his head is Earth, 189 00:11:33.000 --> 00:11:36.700 letting him view the Moon as you would from your home. 190 00:11:36.800 --> 00:11:38.000 The ball in their hand is 191 00:11:38.000 --> 00:11:41.833 going to represent the Moon and the light source is going to be our Sun. 192 00:11:41.900 --> 00:11:43.633 Keep in mind that while the Moon is orbiting 193 00:11:43.633 --> 00:11:48.900 Earth, Earth is also rotating on its axis and slowly orbiting the Sun. 194 00:11:49.000 --> 00:11:51.833 Now, looking from our outsider perspective, 195 00:11:51.833 --> 00:11:54.400 we can see the Moon is still whole the entire time. 196 00:11:54.400 --> 00:11:57.833 It is orbiting around Earth with a side facing the Sun, 197 00:11:57.833 --> 00:12:01.366 always illuminated and reflecting sunlight. 198 00:12:01.433 --> 00:12:04.400 Let's take a look at what he is seeing. 199 00:12:04.400 --> 00:12:06.700 As you can see in the photographs from Earth’s view, 200 00:12:06.700 --> 00:12:10.233 the reflection of sunlight looks quite different from this angle. 201 00:12:10.233 --> 00:12:13.333 Since we are only able to see parts of the reflected sunlight 202 00:12:13.333 --> 00:12:17.233 as the moon moves around the Earth, this is what causes our Moon phases. 203 00:12:17.433 --> 00:12:21.866 As the Moon orbits around Earth every 30 days. 204 00:12:21.933 --> 00:12:23.200 There are names for each of 205 00:12:23.200 --> 00:12:26.600 the phases of the Moon's 30 day cycle when the Moon looks completely dark. 206 00:12:26.633 --> 00:12:29.033 We're experiencing a new Moon. 207 00:12:29.033 --> 00:12:31.566 This is the beginning of the 30 day cycle. 208 00:12:31.566 --> 00:12:36.200 It will move through a waxing crescent phase until it is a first quarter Moon. 209 00:12:36.266 --> 00:12:41.100 From here, we will see a waxing gibbous until the Moon appears fully illuminated. 210 00:12:41.166 --> 00:12:43.400 You might have heard this phase before. 211 00:12:43.400 --> 00:12:46.233 This is what we call a full Moon. 212 00:12:46.233 --> 00:12:48.666 After this phase, the Moon will go from a waning 213 00:12:48.666 --> 00:12:51.666 gibbous phase into a third quarter. 214 00:12:51.800 --> 00:12:54.800 After the third quarter Moon, it will become a waning crescent 215 00:12:54.800 --> 00:12:58.033 until it returns to a new Moon. 216 00:12:58.100 --> 00:13:02.833 On the space station, we see the same Moon phases as we do on the Earth's surface. 217 00:13:02.900 --> 00:13:04.300 Since the space station is only 218 00:13:04.300 --> 00:13:08.000 250 miles closer to the Moon than we are here on the ground, 219 00:13:08.066 --> 00:13:10.800 astronauts on the station have the same perspective you have, 220 00:13:10.800 --> 00:13:13.733 but don't have the Earth's atmosphere in their way for photographs. 221 00:13:13.733 --> 00:13:17.000 Astronauts currently on the space station actually use the Moon's phases 222 00:13:17.000 --> 00:13:20.300 to collect research that will help NASA with the Artemis program 223 00:13:20.300 --> 00:13:25.066 as we work to go forward to the Moon with our astronauts by 2024. 224 00:13:25.066 --> 00:13:26.900 So the next time you're outside, 225 00:13:26.900 --> 00:13:29.900 take a glance up at the Moon to check out what phase it's in. 226 00:13:29.933 --> 00:13:32.800 Are you interested in seeing the space station fly by as well? 227 00:13:32.800 --> 00:13:38.300 Ask an adult to help you sign up for Spot the Station at spotthestation.nasa.gov 228 00:13:38.300 --> 00:13:39.666 Thanks for learning with me today. 229 00:13:39.666 --> 00:13:41.233 See you next time. 230 00:13:42.233 --> 00:13:49.166 [music fades] 231 00:13:50.433 --> 00:13:52.933 This evening you'll see a first quarter Moon, 232 00:13:52.933 --> 00:13:56.666 a great phase for viewing through a telescope or binoculars. 233 00:13:56.666 --> 00:13:59.866 The rugged lunar terrain really pops out along the terminator, 234 00:13:59.866 --> 00:14:03.666 which is the line between the light areas and the dark areas on the Moon. 235 00:14:03.666 --> 00:14:07.600 Basically, the line between day and night. Even without binoculars, 236 00:14:07.600 --> 00:14:09.733 you can observe the terrain that's lit up by the Sun 237 00:14:09.733 --> 00:14:13.666 and where shadows typically cover. No matter how you observe the Moon 238 00:14:13.666 --> 00:14:17.266 you're bound to have questions about what you see. In this next segment 239 00:14:17.300 --> 00:14:21.366 NASA's scientist Jacob Bleacher answers some questions we've gotten on social 240 00:14:21.366 --> 00:14:23.466 media about the Moon. 241 00:14:24.333 --> 00:14:26.133 Hi, I'm Jacob Bleacher. 242 00:14:26.133 --> 00:14:27.200 I'm a geologist. 243 00:14:27.200 --> 00:14:31.100 That means I study rocks and dirt on the Earth and planets. 244 00:14:31.100 --> 00:14:32.300 This is Ask NASA. 245 00:14:32.300 --> 00:14:34.966 I'm here to answer your questions. 246 00:14:42.533 --> 00:14:45.866 What is unique about the surface of the Moon? 247 00:14:45.866 --> 00:14:48.933 Well, the Moon is quite unique from the Earth. 248 00:14:48.933 --> 00:14:50.233 It has no atmosphere. 249 00:14:50.233 --> 00:14:51.800 There's no air to breathe. 250 00:14:51.800 --> 00:14:54.600 What that means is that the processes that have occurred on 251 00:14:54.600 --> 00:14:56.533 the Moon are all preserved there in the rocks. 252 00:14:56.533 --> 00:15:01.233 For instance, if you look at the Moon from the Earth, you may see circles. 253 00:15:01.233 --> 00:15:02.900 Those circles are impact craters. 254 00:15:02.900 --> 00:15:04.133 Let me show you. 255 00:15:04.133 --> 00:15:07.133 Except making craters is really dirty business. 256 00:15:07.133 --> 00:15:09.300 I need my crater making poncho. 257 00:15:09.300 --> 00:15:11.133 Now we're ready. 258 00:15:11.133 --> 00:15:13.766 Let's pretend this is the surface of the Moon. 259 00:15:13.766 --> 00:15:16.466 It looks a lot like this. 260 00:15:16.466 --> 00:15:19.700 That's one crater. But the surface of the Moon 261 00:15:19.700 --> 00:15:21.766 has many more. 262 00:15:24.966 --> 00:15:27.133 Oh, that was a good one 263 00:15:27.133 --> 00:15:28.366 on the Moon. 264 00:15:28.366 --> 00:15:30.366 These craters have formed over time. 265 00:15:30.366 --> 00:15:33.800 And as you saw, material from each crater buries 266 00:15:33.800 --> 00:15:37.533 the previous ones, making this very rough terrain. 267 00:15:37.533 --> 00:15:39.100 In that terrain 268 00:15:39.100 --> 00:15:42.200 at the pole, there are some craters that we believe 269 00:15:42.200 --> 00:15:46.233 have water ice trapped there, and they never see the sunlight. 270 00:15:46.233 --> 00:15:48.833 That's good for science and could also be a resource 271 00:15:48.833 --> 00:15:50.900 that helps our astronauts survive. 272 00:15:53.100 --> 00:15:55.300 Why study Moon rocks? 273 00:15:55.300 --> 00:15:58.233 Well, besides the fact that rocks are awesome. 274 00:15:58.233 --> 00:16:02.500 Each rock is kind of like a person - it has its own fingerprint. 275 00:16:02.500 --> 00:16:06.033 We talked about impact craters that's recorded in the rocks. 276 00:16:06.033 --> 00:16:10.333 Whether or not ice or water has been near there, that's recorded in the rocks. 277 00:16:10.333 --> 00:16:12.866 It tells us the history of the Moon. 278 00:16:16.366 --> 00:16:17.200 What tools will 279 00:16:17.200 --> 00:16:20.433 astronauts use to explore the Moon? 280 00:16:20.433 --> 00:16:22.900 Well, hopefully we'll have plenty of tools for them. 281 00:16:22.900 --> 00:16:24.333 For instance, something like this. 282 00:16:24.333 --> 00:16:26.766 This is a hammer like you would use here on Earth. 283 00:16:26.766 --> 00:16:28.400 It's a geologist’s best friend. 284 00:16:28.400 --> 00:16:31.333 It helps us to break up rocks and select samples. 285 00:16:31.333 --> 00:16:33.233 Could also use things like rakes and shovels 286 00:16:33.233 --> 00:16:36.400 to help us find the right kind of material to bring home. 287 00:16:36.866 --> 00:16:39.633 Eventually, we could be using tools more like this. 288 00:16:39.633 --> 00:16:44.300 This tool is an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer or XRF. 289 00:16:44.300 --> 00:16:47.100 An XRF basically shoots X-rays 290 00:16:47.100 --> 00:16:50.366 at a rock and then detects what comes back. 291 00:16:50.366 --> 00:16:53.800 And as I talked about before, rocks have unique fingerprints. 292 00:16:53.800 --> 00:16:56.933 This helps us to determine what that fingerprint is. 293 00:16:56.933 --> 00:17:00.500 Our astronauts will also use rovers like this model that you can see 294 00:17:00.500 --> 00:17:01.633 right here. 295 00:17:01.633 --> 00:17:05.700 These vehicles are designed so that they can help us move around on the surface. 296 00:17:06.933 --> 00:17:11.133 Well this tool is 3D printed, but this is just a model of an XRF. 297 00:17:11.133 --> 00:17:13.633 But right now, we're actually testing 3D printers 298 00:17:13.633 --> 00:17:16.000 in space on the International Space Station. 299 00:17:16.000 --> 00:17:21.433 It'd be really helpful if we can use 3D printers to design the tools that we need. 300 00:17:21.433 --> 00:17:25.533 How are we preparing astronauts to investigate the Moon's surface? 301 00:17:25.533 --> 00:17:27.900 Well, we have to practice here on Earth. 302 00:17:27.900 --> 00:17:30.933 The way we do that is we talk to them in laboratory, in classrooms, 303 00:17:30.933 --> 00:17:35.866 and we also take them out into the field, places like Hawaii or Iceland or Arizona, 304 00:17:35.866 --> 00:17:38.966 places where there are similarities to what they might experience 305 00:17:38.966 --> 00:17:40.033 on the lunar surface. 306 00:17:40.033 --> 00:17:43.733 We're really excited to send humans to the Moon with the Artemis program. 307 00:17:44.833 --> 00:17:46.100 That is a great question. 308 00:17:46.100 --> 00:17:47.966 The first thing that's going to be very different 309 00:17:47.966 --> 00:17:50.600 is that during Apollo, the Sun was overhead, 310 00:17:50.600 --> 00:17:54.266 but at the South Pole, the Sun is always going to be right on the horizon. 311 00:17:54.266 --> 00:17:57.866 That means we'll have really long shadows and areas that are very dark. 312 00:17:57.866 --> 00:17:59.166 It's going to be very different. 313 00:17:59.166 --> 00:18:03.633 We really are exploring a brand new terrain where no one has ever been. 314 00:18:03.633 --> 00:18:05.966 The studies will be trying to do are looking at 315 00:18:05.966 --> 00:18:09.100 and understanding perhaps the water cycle on the Moon. 316 00:18:09.100 --> 00:18:11.866 And we really want to understand the processes that lead to that 317 00:18:11.866 --> 00:18:14.200 water being preserved there. 318 00:18:14.200 --> 00:18:17.366 Ooh, that's an intriguing question. 319 00:18:17.366 --> 00:18:21.033 First of all, we can see fairly deep into the interior of the Moon 320 00:18:21.033 --> 00:18:22.300 by looking into craters. 321 00:18:22.300 --> 00:18:26.366 That's kind of our natural laboratory for getting at the inside of the crater. 322 00:18:26.366 --> 00:18:29.300 Every time a crater forms, there's an explosion 323 00:18:29.300 --> 00:18:33.633 that moves rock up and out from inside of the Moon. 324 00:18:33.633 --> 00:18:37.466 So our astronauts walking around the rim of the craters can pick up rocks 325 00:18:37.466 --> 00:18:41.600 that came from deep inside. Bigger the crater, the deeper the rocks. 326 00:18:42.233 --> 00:18:45.233 Well, in fact, we are aiming for farther out. 327 00:18:45.233 --> 00:18:47.100 Eventually, we want to get to Mars. 328 00:18:47.100 --> 00:18:50.900 But first we're going to go to the Moon and learn some really important answers 329 00:18:50.900 --> 00:18:54.300 to questions that will help us survive the trip out to Mars. 330 00:18:54.300 --> 00:18:55.766 Because I guarantee you, I'm 331 00:18:55.766 --> 00:18:58.200 going to have a lot of questions for them when they get back. 332 00:18:58.833 --> 00:19:00.900 Do you have a question for NASA? 333 00:19:00.900 --> 00:19:05.900 Send your questions to our experts using #AskNASA 334 00:19:10.033 --> 00:19:12.600 In 2024, NASA will be landing its first 335 00:19:12.600 --> 00:19:16.866 robotic rover on the lunar surface at the Moon's South Pole. 336 00:19:16.866 --> 00:19:20.366 This mission is called VIPER The Volatiles Investigating 337 00:19:20.366 --> 00:19:22.533 Polar Exploration Rover. 338 00:19:22.533 --> 00:19:26.833 This mobile robot will help us find and map locations of water ice, 339 00:19:26.833 --> 00:19:31.466 an essential resource for astronauts to have for long term exploration. 340 00:19:31.466 --> 00:19:35.800 VIPER will operate in an area near the western rim of the Nobile crater. 341 00:19:35.800 --> 00:19:39.466 The landing site sits on top of a large flat topped mountain. 342 00:19:39.566 --> 00:19:44.166 Earlier this year, the mountain was given the official name of Mons Mouton. 343 00:19:44.266 --> 00:19:47.166 To see why, check out this next video. 344 00:19:48.700 --> 00:19:52.066 Narrator: Melba Mouton, an award-winning mathematician, 345 00:19:52.066 --> 00:19:54.333 computer programmer, and African American 346 00:19:54.333 --> 00:19:56.800 trailblazer is being honored with the naming 347 00:19:56.800 --> 00:20:00.400 of a mountain at the Moon's South Pole. 348 00:20:00.400 --> 00:20:03.066 To recognize her contributions to the agency, 349 00:20:03.066 --> 00:20:05.766 NASA proposed the name Mons Mouton 350 00:20:05.766 --> 00:20:08.566 for the lunar landing site and exploration area 351 00:20:08.566 --> 00:20:12.266 for VIPER, its first robotic Moon rover. 352 00:20:12.266 --> 00:20:15.133 In the late 1950's, Mouton became the head 353 00:20:15.133 --> 00:20:18.466 mathematician of a team of human computers 354 00:20:18.466 --> 00:20:20.400 that tracked communication satellites 355 00:20:20.400 --> 00:20:22.266 in Earth's orbit. 356 00:20:22.266 --> 00:20:25.100 She was instrumental in coding computer programs 357 00:20:25.100 --> 00:20:27.233 that calculated spacecraft trajectories 358 00:20:27.233 --> 00:20:29.566 and locations. 359 00:20:29.566 --> 00:20:31.833 Before retiring, she was recognized with 360 00:20:31.833 --> 00:20:33.833 a NASA award for her calculations of 361 00:20:33.833 --> 00:20:36.333 complex mathematical data that contributed 362 00:20:36.333 --> 00:20:40.300 to the successful Apollo 11 Moon landing. 363 00:20:40.300 --> 00:20:42.900 Mons Mouton is a mountain that stretches roughly 364 00:20:42.900 --> 00:20:46.100 2.700 square miles and has an elevation 365 00:20:46.100 --> 00:20:48.766 of more than 19,000 feet. 366 00:20:48.766 --> 00:20:50.866 It's about the height of Denali, 367 00:20:50.866 --> 00:20:54.133 the highest mountain peak in North America. 368 00:20:54.133 --> 00:20:56.266 The lunar landmark can be seen from Earth 369 00:20:56.266 --> 00:20:58.200 with a telescope. 370 00:20:58.200 --> 00:21:00.633 VIPER will embark on a 100 day journey 371 00:21:00.633 --> 00:21:02.400 at Mons Mouton. 372 00:21:02.400 --> 00:21:04.566 The rover will explore the Moon's surface 373 00:21:04.566 --> 00:21:06.166 to help gain a better understanding 374 00:21:06.166 --> 00:21:08.700 of the origin of lunar water as well as 375 00:21:08.700 --> 00:21:11.133 map potential resources, which will help 376 00:21:11.133 --> 00:21:13.300 inform future landing sites under 377 00:21:13.300 --> 00:21:15.833 NASA's Artemis program. 378 00:21:15.833 --> 00:21:19.300 Melba Mouton's legacy lives on at the highest peak 379 00:21:19.300 --> 00:21:21.933 in the lunar South Pole, bringing NASA 380 00:21:21.933 --> 00:21:23.800 a step closer to its goal 381 00:21:23.800 --> 00:21:27.066 for a long-term presence on the Moon. 382 00:21:27.066 --> 00:21:33.833 (Background piano music fades out) 383 00:21:34.833 --> 00:21:36.133 From the Apollo missions 384 00:21:36.133 --> 00:21:38.500 to LRO, VIPER, and Artemis, 385 00:21:38.500 --> 00:21:42.333 the Moon is a central part of NASA's exploration efforts. 386 00:21:42.333 --> 00:21:43.800 But why is that? 387 00:21:43.800 --> 00:21:48.533 Here's a video with some answers and a preview of what's in store for the future. 388 00:21:49.900 --> 00:21:53.933 We are going. 389 00:21:53.933 --> 00:21:56.233 The history of this agency 390 00:21:56.233 --> 00:22:01.700 is marked with broken barriers once viewed as impossible. 391 00:22:01.700 --> 00:22:05.000 With science fiction turned reality, 392 00:22:05.000 --> 00:22:07.433 with innovations that have spun 393 00:22:07.433 --> 00:22:10.433 industries all their own. 394 00:22:10.433 --> 00:22:13.800 And with demonstrations of peace 395 00:22:13.800 --> 00:22:17.966 for all humankind. 396 00:22:17.966 --> 00:22:22.866 We soar in the skies of our home planet, 397 00:22:22.866 --> 00:22:27.966 we maintain a human presence just outside of gravity, 398 00:22:27.966 --> 00:22:33.733 and we touch points all across the solar system and beyond. 399 00:22:33.733 --> 00:22:35.666 We're going back to the Moon, 400 00:22:35.666 --> 00:22:37.600 and this is why. 401 00:22:38.933 --> 00:22:41.500 The Moon is a treasure trove of science. 402 00:22:41.500 --> 00:22:44.733 It holds opportunities for us to make discoveries 403 00:22:44.733 --> 00:22:49.400 about our own planet, about our Sun, and about our solar system. 404 00:22:49.400 --> 00:22:51.900 The wealth of knowledge to be gleaned from the Moon 405 00:22:51.900 --> 00:22:55.133 will inspire a new generation of thought and action. 406 00:22:55.133 --> 00:22:59.700 Without fail, every major program and mission NASA has invested in 407 00:22:59.700 --> 00:23:03.966 has led to technologies and capabilities that have shaped our culture. 408 00:23:03.966 --> 00:23:06.533 The breakthroughs of the Artemis era will define 409 00:23:06.533 --> 00:23:10.066 our generation and the generations to follow. 410 00:23:10.066 --> 00:23:14.400 The tens of thousands of jobs associated with propelling us to the Moon today 411 00:23:14.400 --> 00:23:17.733 are just the beginning of a lunar economy that will see 412 00:23:17.733 --> 00:23:21.966 hundreds of thousands of new jobs develop around the world. 413 00:23:21.966 --> 00:23:25.266 This is not an ambition of one entity or one country. 414 00:23:25.266 --> 00:23:28.033 The exploration of the Moon is a shared effort 415 00:23:28.033 --> 00:23:31.300 woven together by a desire for the greater good. 416 00:23:31.300 --> 00:23:32.500 Why the moon? 417 00:23:32.500 --> 00:23:35.533 Because the missions of tomorrow will be sparked 418 00:23:35.533 --> 00:23:39.400 by the accomplishments of the Artemis generation today. 419 00:23:39.400 --> 00:23:43.200 Because the ambition to go has already begun. 420 00:23:43.200 --> 00:23:45.433 And because Mars is calling, we need to learn 421 00:23:45.433 --> 00:23:48.833 what it takes to establish a community on another cosmic shore. 422 00:23:48.833 --> 00:23:52.000 So let's camp close before pushing out. 423 00:23:53.100 --> 00:23:54.366 And so 424 00:23:54.366 --> 00:24:00.600 we go to the Moon now, not as a series of isolated missions, 425 00:24:00.600 --> 00:24:04.533 but to build a community on and around the Moon 426 00:24:04.533 --> 00:24:07.466 capable of proving how to live on 427 00:24:07.466 --> 00:24:09.366 other worlds. 428 00:24:14.166 --> 00:24:15.233 We'll use the lessons 429 00:24:15.233 --> 00:24:18.533 from more than 50 years of peaceful exploration 430 00:24:18.533 --> 00:24:22.033 to send a new generation to the lunar surface to stay. 431 00:24:22.033 --> 00:24:26.133 We will anchor our efforts on the Lunar South Pole to establish the Artemis Space 432 00:24:26.133 --> 00:24:31.600 Camp, positioning us for long term science and exploration of the lunar surface. 433 00:24:31.600 --> 00:24:36.533 We will prove what it takes to assemble a complex ship in deep space. 434 00:24:36.533 --> 00:24:39.166 We will perfect descending altitude 435 00:24:39.166 --> 00:24:42.166 and returning from a distant surface. 436 00:24:42.166 --> 00:24:46.400 We will learn how humans can survive and thrive in a partial gravity 437 00:24:46.400 --> 00:24:50.433 environment with improved spacesuit designs, mobile habitats 438 00:24:50.433 --> 00:24:54.666 and reconnaissance robots, pre-positioning and relocating supplies. 439 00:24:54.666 --> 00:24:58.400 We will learn how to utilize the resources we find on these other worlds, 440 00:24:58.400 --> 00:25:02.066 starting with finding water ice and purifying it to drinkable water 441 00:25:02.066 --> 00:25:06.400 and applying that into hydrogen for fuel and oxygen to breathe. 442 00:25:06.400 --> 00:25:10.666 We will establish precision power plants on the surface of the Moon 443 00:25:10.666 --> 00:25:14.066 capable of supporting a growing community of efference. 444 00:25:14.066 --> 00:25:17.900 And we will expand the logistics supply chain to enable commercial 445 00:25:17.900 --> 00:25:24.733 and international partners to resupply and refuel deep space outposts. 446 00:25:24.733 --> 00:25:28.966 None of this is simple or easy, 447 00:25:28.966 --> 00:25:33.233 but nothing in our history ever has been. [Audio] “The Eagle has landed.” 448 00:25:33.233 --> 00:25:36.133 [Audio]” We've got a bunch of guys about to turn blue - We’re breathing again.” 449 00:25:36.133 --> 00:25:37.733 [Audio] “Thanks a lot.” 450 00:25:37.733 --> 00:25:41.800 This kind of continuous lunar presence is a natural extension 451 00:25:41.800 --> 00:25:46.133 of all that we've learned in low Earth orbit. 452 00:25:46.133 --> 00:25:50.800 And what we will accomplish there will ensure the monumental missions 453 00:25:50.800 --> 00:25:53.833 to Mars are within reach. 454 00:25:55.200 --> 00:25:56.700 And as commercial companies 455 00:25:56.700 --> 00:26:02.100 ready their lunar landers for the first private payload deliveries, 456 00:26:02.100 --> 00:26:08.933 we have already begun to take the next step. 457 00:26:10.400 --> 00:26:15.133 [music fades] 458 00:26:18.866 --> 00:26:21.000 Welcome back and thanks for continuing 459 00:26:21.000 --> 00:26:24.000 to celebrate International Observe the Moon Night with us. 460 00:26:24.000 --> 00:26:28.500 Remember to check out our website moon.nasa.gov/observe 461 00:26:28.500 --> 00:26:31.566 and share how you're celebrating with the hashtag Observe the Moon 462 00:26:31.566 --> 00:26:33.133 on social media. 463 00:26:33.133 --> 00:26:36.433 Our journey back to the Moon took its first major step last year 464 00:26:36.433 --> 00:26:39.966 with the launch of the Artemis I mission on November 16th. 465 00:26:39.966 --> 00:26:44.566 Our next video recaps all of the sights and sounds of that incredible time. 466 00:26:48.333 --> 00:26:52.100 Fifty years after we last left footprints on the Moon, 467 00:26:52.100 --> 00:26:56.200 NASA's Artemis one is our first bold step towards 468 00:26:56.200 --> 00:27:00.700 getting us back there and pushing us farther than we've ever been before. 469 00:27:00.700 --> 00:27:04.566 You are looking at the world's most powerful rocket, and Orion spacecraft 470 00:27:04.566 --> 00:27:07.766 live on launch pad 39 B. 471 00:27:07.766 --> 00:27:09.800 The energy here is palpable 472 00:27:09.800 --> 00:27:13.033 as we attempt to make history today. 473 00:27:13.033 --> 00:27:16.766 We're going to learn so much about the solar system from the Moon 474 00:27:16.766 --> 00:27:20.833 and even about the Earth. [Audio] “Range, whether - weather is go for launch.” 475 00:27:20.833 --> 00:27:23.033 The mission management team has been told 476 00:27:23.033 --> 00:27:25.266 you have a go to proceed with terminal count. 477 00:27:25.266 --> 00:27:29.166 On behalf of all the men and women across our great nation who have worked 478 00:27:29.166 --> 00:27:33.033 to bring this hardware together to make this day possible. 479 00:27:33.033 --> 00:27:37.866 At this time, I give you a go to resume count and launch Artemis one. 480 00:27:38.466 --> 00:27:40.500 Four stage engine start. 481 00:27:40.500 --> 00:27:42.866 Three, two, one. 482 00:27:42.866 --> 00:27:44.833 Booster ignition! 483 00:27:44.833 --> 00:27:46.933 And liftoff of Artemis one! 484 00:27:46.933 --> 00:27:52.366 We rise together back to the Moon and beyond. 485 00:27:55.966 --> 00:28:00.000 SLS now traveling six hundred seven miles per hour. 486 00:28:01.466 --> 00:28:05.000 The harder the climb, the better the view. 487 00:28:05.000 --> 00:28:06.500 We showed the Space Coast tonight. 488 00:28:06.500 --> 00:28:09.500 What a beautiful view it is. 489 00:28:09.500 --> 00:28:13.800 The first step in returning our country to the Moon 490 00:28:13.866 --> 00:28:16.400 and on to Mars. 491 00:28:21.466 --> 00:28:25.366 We are understanding now from the James Webb Space Telescope 492 00:28:25.366 --> 00:28:30.533 just how big and vast this universe is. 493 00:28:30.533 --> 00:28:33.766 There's a lot out there to explore, 494 00:28:33.766 --> 00:28:39.366 and this is the next beginning. 495 00:28:39.366 --> 00:28:41.300 Orion is now flying free 496 00:28:41.300 --> 00:28:44.466 attached to the European Service Module and on its journey 497 00:28:44.466 --> 00:28:46.133 to the Moon. 498 00:28:46.533 --> 00:29:09.633 [music] 499 00:29:15.700 --> 00:29:19.533 Returning humans to the Moon really makes us think about the lunar surface; 500 00:29:19.533 --> 00:29:23.100 What the rocks are like, the color and the texture of the lunar soil 501 00:29:23.100 --> 00:29:26.400 and the deep craters, canyons and soaring mountains. 502 00:29:26.400 --> 00:29:29.500 There are lots of reasons to see beauty in the Moon's terrain, 503 00:29:29.500 --> 00:29:33.466 but at the same time, the Moon is not as welcoming as Earth. 504 00:29:33.466 --> 00:29:36.733 There are areas that sit in total darkness, with temperatures 505 00:29:36.733 --> 00:29:39.733 colder than all the known places in the solar system. 506 00:29:39.733 --> 00:29:45.033 It only has a thin atmosphere called an exosphere, and it is not breathable. 507 00:29:45.033 --> 00:29:48.666 The craters, canyons and boulders make the landscape very rugged 508 00:29:48.666 --> 00:29:52.200 and some may see it as a bleak and lonely desert. 509 00:29:52.200 --> 00:29:56.066 The Moon can be both haunting and beautiful all at once. 510 00:29:56.066 --> 00:29:57.900 To give you a good sense of this perspective 511 00:29:57.900 --> 00:30:00.066 we have something special to show you. 512 00:30:00.066 --> 00:30:01.600 Earlier this year, NASA Goddard 513 00:30:01.600 --> 00:30:05.933 partnered with the National Philharmonic Orchestra and composer Henry Dehlinger 514 00:30:05.933 --> 00:30:09.933 on a performance called “Cosmic Cycles: A space Symphony,” an eclectic 515 00:30:09.933 --> 00:30:13.900 mixture of visuals from our solar system and beyond set to music. 516 00:30:13.900 --> 00:30:16.733 What you're about to see is part of the performance of focusing 517 00:30:16.733 --> 00:30:21.200 on the Moon, set to synthesized orchestra music provided by Mr. Dehlinger. 518 00:30:21.200 --> 00:30:23.900 It's called “The Moon - Our Desolate Companion.” 519 00:30:23.900 --> 00:30:25.700 We hope you enjoy it. 520 00:30:26.800 --> 00:40:41.700 [Music] 521 00:40:47.600 --> 00:40:49.000 Hi, I'm Amelia Petro. 522 00:40:49.000 --> 00:40:52.833 And I'm Noah Petro, the project scientist for NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, 523 00:40:52.833 --> 00:40:54.433 and Artemis three. 524 00:40:54.433 --> 00:40:57.333 And from both of us here in Alexandria, Virginia, 525 00:40:57.333 --> 00:41:00.166 we hope that you're all enjoying International Observe the Moon Night, 526 00:41:00.166 --> 00:41:02.666 have clear skies and a beautiful Moon to look at. 527 00:41:02.666 --> 00:41:06.333 And so from all of us to you Happy International Observe The Moon Night. 528 00:41:10.100 --> 00:41:17.333 Hi, our name is Yuna and Keito, and we’re from Tokyo, Japan. 529 00:41:17.333 --> 00:41:22.166 In Japan, there is an annual event that celebrates the harvest of rice, and it’s called “Jyugoya.” 530 00:41:22.166 --> 00:41:27.400 Jyugoya is in the fall and it is when it’s a full Moon, so the day changes every year. 531 00:41:27.400 --> 00:41:35.833 Enjoying the Moon by watching is called “Otsukimi.” During Otsukimi, people eat dango which represents the Moon. 532 00:41:35.833 --> 00:41:39.666 This traditional treat called “Tsukimi Dango” is one of my favorites! 533 00:41:39.666 --> 00:41:43.366 Happy International Observe the Moon Night! 534 00:41:48.166 --> 00:41:52.366 Thanks again for joining us for this International Observe the Moon Night broadcast. 535 00:41:52.366 --> 00:41:54.933 While people on Earth have a pretty good view of the Moon, 536 00:41:54.933 --> 00:41:59.100 the astronauts that get to go there have the most spectacular view. 537 00:41:59.166 --> 00:42:02.633 With the upcoming Artemis II mission, four astronauts will get to go on 538 00:42:02.633 --> 00:42:06.500 a ten day journey in the Orion spacecraft around the Moon. 539 00:42:06.500 --> 00:42:09.500 This mission will pave the way for the Artemis III mission, 540 00:42:09.533 --> 00:42:11.900 which will put astronauts back on the surface, 541 00:42:11.900 --> 00:42:15.000 including the first woman and person of color. 542 00:42:15.000 --> 00:42:19.800 These will be incredible milestones and incredibly inspiring stories to watch. 543 00:42:19.800 --> 00:42:23.200 In this next segment, we'll introduce you to the Artemis II crew 544 00:42:23.200 --> 00:42:26.966 and show you the landing sites that are being considered for Artemis III. 545 00:42:27.033 --> 00:42:30.166 We'll also show you how NASA will protect our astronauts from space 546 00:42:30.166 --> 00:42:34.033 radiation on their journeys to the Moon and eventually to Mars. 547 00:42:34.133 --> 00:42:35.766 Let's take a look. 548 00:42:36.200 --> 00:42:52.733 [ Music ] 549 00:42:53.733 --> 00:42:54.933 >> I am Christina Koch. 550 00:42:54.933 --> 00:42:57.200 I'm a mission specialist. 551 00:42:57.200 --> 00:42:58.833 >> I'm Jeremy Hansen. 552 00:42:58.833 --> 00:43:01.200 I'm a mission specialist. 553 00:43:01.200 --> 00:43:02.533 >> I'm Victor Glover. 554 00:43:02.533 --> 00:43:04.266 I'm the pilot. 555 00:43:04.266 --> 00:43:05.300 >> I'm Reid Wiseman. 556 00:43:05.300 --> 00:43:07.233 I'm the commander of the Artemis II mission to the Moon. 557 00:43:07.900 --> 00:43:08.200 >> To the Moon. 558 00:43:08.200 --> 00:43:08.700 >> To the Moon. 559 00:43:08.700 --> 00:43:09.266 >> To the Moon. 560 00:43:09.266 --> 00:43:09.666 >> To the Moon. 561 00:43:10.566 --> 00:43:37.633 [ Music ] 562 00:43:38.133 --> 00:43:40.600 >> When I was young, I had a poster 563 00:43:40.600 --> 00:43:42.100 of the Earthrise picture -- 564 00:43:42.100 --> 00:43:44.800 the famous picture that was taken on Apollo 8. 565 00:43:45.300 --> 00:43:48.700 And the fact that it was a human behind the lens that made 566 00:43:48.700 --> 00:43:51.900 that picture so profound and changed how we all thought 567 00:43:51.900 --> 00:43:55.200 of our own home was so amazing to me. 568 00:43:55.200 --> 00:43:58.500 The Moon is not just a symbol of thinking 569 00:43:58.500 --> 00:43:59.933 about our place in the universe. 570 00:43:59.933 --> 00:44:02.500 It's not just a symbol of exploration. 571 00:44:02.500 --> 00:44:04.466 It's actually a beacon for science. 572 00:44:04.466 --> 00:44:07.266 It's a beacon for understanding where we came from. 573 00:44:07.266 --> 00:44:08.633 >> You know, pushing ourselves 574 00:44:08.633 --> 00:44:11.200 to explore is just core to who we are. 575 00:44:11.200 --> 00:44:13.933 It's a part of being a human, that's our nature. 576 00:44:13.933 --> 00:44:17.033 We go out there and we explore to learn about where we are, 577 00:44:17.033 --> 00:44:19.666 why we are, understanding the big questions 578 00:44:19.666 --> 00:44:21.233 about our place in the universe. 579 00:44:21.233 --> 00:44:24.266 The exploration we're doing is the first few steps along the 580 00:44:24.266 --> 00:44:26.233 path of getting humans to Mars. 581 00:44:26.900 --> 00:44:28.933 >> The Artemis campaign and missions have set 582 00:44:28.933 --> 00:44:31.800 such an ambitious goal for humanity 583 00:44:31.800 --> 00:44:33.900 that it's inspiring contributions 584 00:44:33.900 --> 00:44:34.866 from around the globe. 585 00:44:34.866 --> 00:44:38.133 Not just one nation is inspired and moved by this but nations 586 00:44:38.133 --> 00:44:40.233 from around the globe are coming together. 587 00:44:40.766 --> 00:44:44.533 >> When I look at the Artemis II crew with Victor, Christina, 588 00:44:44.533 --> 00:44:47.700 and Jeremy, they want to go do this mission. 589 00:44:47.700 --> 00:44:50.233 They are keenly driven. 590 00:44:50.233 --> 00:44:52.233 They are humble to a fault. 591 00:44:52.333 --> 00:44:54.700 It is so cool to be around them. 592 00:44:54.700 --> 00:44:57.966 Artemis II is a huge mission, but I hope we will look back 593 00:44:57.966 --> 00:45:02.933 and realize that this was one tiny step in humans on Mars 594 00:45:02.933 --> 00:45:04.700 and sustained presence on the Moon. 595 00:45:09.033 --> 00:45:11.500 >> Artemis II will be NASA's first true flight test 596 00:45:11.500 --> 00:45:13.133 from the Space Launch System rocket. 597 00:45:13.133 --> 00:45:15.433 >> And the Orion spacecraft around the Moon. 598 00:45:15.433 --> 00:45:18.100 >> To verify today's capabilities for humans 599 00:45:18.100 --> 00:45:19.400 to explore deep space. 600 00:45:19.400 --> 00:45:22.333 >> And pave the way for NASA's long-term human 601 00:45:22.333 --> 00:45:23.633 and scientific presence. 602 00:45:23.633 --> 00:45:24.566 >> On the lunar surface. 603 00:45:24.900 --> 00:45:26.100 >> We are ready. 604 00:45:26.100 --> 00:45:27.233 >> We are going. 605 00:45:27.233 --> 00:45:28.066 >> To the Moon. 606 00:45:28.066 --> 00:45:29.200 >> For all of humanity. 607 00:45:29.833 --> 00:45:32.900 >> [Group] We are Artemis. 608 00:45:32.900 --> 00:45:40.566 [ Music ] 609 00:45:43.766 --> 00:45:44.500 [Music] 610 00:45:44.500 --> 00:45:48.000 Artemis is our 21st century return to the Moon. 611 00:45:48.000 --> 00:45:51.066 Together, NASA, international space agencies, 612 00:45:51.066 --> 00:45:53.066 and a growing global space industry 613 00:45:53.066 --> 00:45:56.600 will explore Earth’s nearest neighbor with advanced robotics 614 00:45:56.600 --> 00:46:00.666 and our next generation of astronauts. 615 00:46:00.666 --> 00:46:03.366 But where will our astronauts explore? 616 00:46:03.366 --> 00:46:06.266 The Moon is a treasure trove of scientific discovery, 617 00:46:06.266 --> 00:46:09.366 and NASA has its sights set on the South Pole. 618 00:46:09.366 --> 00:46:12.000 This mysterious region features soaring mountains 619 00:46:12.000 --> 00:46:15.066 and deep craters, leading to unique locations 620 00:46:15.066 --> 00:46:17.766 that experience nearly continuous sunlight – 621 00:46:17.766 --> 00:46:22.066 in contrast to nearby depressions that never see the sun. 622 00:46:22.066 --> 00:46:25.266 Artemis III will mark humanity’s return to the lunar surface 623 00:46:25.266 --> 00:46:28.466 for the first time since 1972. 624 00:46:28.466 --> 00:46:31.600 NASA has identified thirteen regions near the South Pole 625 00:46:31.600 --> 00:46:33.866 that meet safety requirements for landing 626 00:46:33.866 --> 00:46:38.500 and present opportunities to search for lunar resources. 627 00:46:38.500 --> 00:46:40.900 Each region can also help us learn more about 628 00:46:40.900 --> 00:46:42.466 the history of the Moon, 629 00:46:42.466 --> 00:46:46.566 and gain a better understanding of our place in the solar system. 630 00:46:48.300 --> 00:46:50.900 These thirteen candidate landing regions represent 631 00:46:50.900 --> 00:46:54.000 a diversity of features in the lunar South Pole, 632 00:46:54.000 --> 00:46:55.666 ranging from the summits of mountains 633 00:46:55.666 --> 00:46:58.100 rising miles above their surroundings, 634 00:46:58.100 --> 00:47:00.600 to the rims of large craters. 635 00:47:00.600 --> 00:47:04.200 These features together act to both expose and preserve 636 00:47:04.200 --> 00:47:07.200 billions of years of geologic history. 637 00:47:11.066 --> 00:47:13.666 Using robotic orbiters and rovers, 638 00:47:13.666 --> 00:47:15.766 NASA and the global science community 639 00:47:15.766 --> 00:47:17.666 will continue to study these regions 640 00:47:17.666 --> 00:47:20.800 before selecting the Artemis III landing site. 641 00:47:23.800 --> 00:47:26.600 The astronauts selected for this bold expedition 642 00:47:26.600 --> 00:47:28.966 will literally and figuratively shine a light 643 00:47:28.966 --> 00:47:32.466 on some of the deepest, darkest areas of the solar system, 644 00:47:32.466 --> 00:47:35.666 revealing ancient secrets of the universe. 645 00:47:35.666 --> 00:47:38.300 [Music fades] 646 00:47:43.433 --> 00:47:48.000 It’s August 1972 and Ian Richardson 647 00:47:48.000 --> 00:47:52.266 — a future NASA scientist -- is watching TV when the BBC announces: 648 00:47:52.266 --> 00:47:55.900 “The interference is caused by solar activity.” 649 00:47:55.900 --> 00:47:59.000 He didn’t know then, but the Sun had just erupted 650 00:47:59.000 --> 00:48:02.166 in one of the most powerful solar events ever recorded. 651 00:48:02.166 --> 00:48:05.600 There was no threat to humans because Earth’s magnetic field 652 00:48:05.600 --> 00:48:07.800 deflects much of the Sun’s radiation. 653 00:48:07.800 --> 00:48:11.500 But the explosions were so powerful that intense radiation 654 00:48:11.500 --> 00:48:15.033 disrupted TV signals and caused radio blackouts. 655 00:48:15.033 --> 00:48:18.466 So what if you were outside Earth’s magnetic field? 656 00:48:18.466 --> 00:48:23.933 On the Moon and beyond, astronauts face the risk of extreme radiation exposure. 657 00:48:23.933 --> 00:48:28.000 Luckily, the intense radiation in 1972 occurred right between 658 00:48:28.000 --> 00:48:32.766 Apollo 16 and 17 missions when no astronauts were in their path. 659 00:48:32.766 --> 00:48:36.500 As NASA plans missions to go back to the Moon and then on to Mars, 660 00:48:36.500 --> 00:48:40.333 predicting the Sun’s activity to protect astronauts from space radiation 661 00:48:40.333 --> 00:48:43.066 is one of our biggest priorities. 662 00:48:43.066 --> 00:48:45.900 One of the biggest unknown factors about going to space 663 00:48:45.900 --> 00:48:47.566 is the radiation hazard from the Sun. 664 00:48:47.566 --> 00:48:53.533 This is Ian today — studying the effects of the Sun, also known as the field of heliophysics. 665 00:48:53.533 --> 00:48:56.833 The Sun is always emitting radiation like the light we see. 666 00:48:56.833 --> 00:49:03.033 But solar energetic particles, like from the August 1972 events, can be far more harmful. 667 00:49:03.033 --> 00:49:08.700 To be able to forecast solar energetic particles, we need to know how the Sun energizes them. 668 00:49:08.700 --> 00:49:11.833 The Sun is made up of electrically charged particles called plasma. 669 00:49:11.833 --> 00:49:17.300 As this plasma moves, it builds up energy inside its massive magnetic field. 670 00:49:17.300 --> 00:49:21.233 This energy is usually released in two types of explosions. 671 00:49:21.233 --> 00:49:23.900 Flares are intense flashes of light. 672 00:49:23.900 --> 00:49:27.500 Coronal mass ejections are giant eruptions of solar material. 673 00:49:27.500 --> 00:49:33.233 These solar eruptions send shock waves across the solar system accelerating particles as they go. 674 00:49:33.233 --> 00:49:37.200 These are solar energetic particles, or SEPs. 675 00:49:37.200 --> 00:49:40.533 They consist mainly of protons and possess a lot of energy 676 00:49:40.533 --> 00:49:43.100 that can affect satellite measurements 677 00:49:43.100 --> 00:49:44.300 and humans. 678 00:49:44.300 --> 00:49:47.866 SEPs can bombard you with a lot of radiation in a short period of time. 679 00:49:47.866 --> 00:49:54.566 They can penetrate your skin, damage your DNA, and increase your chances of getting cancer and radiation sickness. 680 00:49:54.566 --> 00:49:57.900 But they don’t occur with every solar eruption. 681 00:49:57.900 --> 00:50:02.733 Only a small number of flares and coronal mass ejections create SEPs. 682 00:50:02.733 --> 00:50:06.800 So we’re trying to predict when SEPs form and how they travel through space. 683 00:50:06.800 --> 00:50:09.466 At NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, 684 00:50:09.466 --> 00:50:15.933 the Community Coordinated Modeling Center, or CCMC, is dedicated to testing prediction models. 685 00:50:15.933 --> 00:50:21.466 Working with global partners, they use data from NASA satellites at different vantage points 686 00:50:21.466 --> 00:50:24.666 and models to figure out how solar explosions behave 687 00:50:24.666 --> 00:50:27.933 including how shock waves energize SEPs. 688 00:50:27.933 --> 00:50:32.533 And as we get better at predicting, we get more time to prepare. 689 00:50:32.533 --> 00:50:37.033 Preparation for an SEP event -- of which you may know that is already coming 690 00:50:37.033 --> 00:50:38.933 and perhaps the magnitude as well -- 691 00:50:38.933 --> 00:50:41.900 the technique that you would want is to use 692 00:50:41.900 --> 00:50:45.400 is to put as much mass between you and the source. 693 00:50:45.400 --> 00:50:51.633 On the surface of the Moon or Mars, astronauts can go underground or build shelter with local materials. 694 00:50:51.633 --> 00:50:57.066 But in transit, astronauts can only be protected with what’s on the spacecraft. 695 00:50:57.066 --> 00:51:02.200 which means that you might have elements on a spacecraft that have multiple purposes. 696 00:51:02.200 --> 00:51:06.500 NASA’s space radiation specialists are testing different ways to do this. 697 00:51:06.500 --> 00:51:10.900 One strategy they tested on the Orion spacecraft involves crew members 698 00:51:10.900 --> 00:51:15.166 barricading themselves with as much mass as possible in the center of the spacecraft. 699 00:51:15.166 --> 00:51:19.733 Other possible techniques in development include vests that add mass 700 00:51:19.733 --> 00:51:24.033 and electrically-charged surfaces that deflect particles. 701 00:51:24.033 --> 00:51:31.633 In terms of radiation protection and radiation mitigation, the factor of time is extraordinarily important. 702 00:51:31.633 --> 00:51:36.633 The Sun has a natural 11-year cycle that transitions through low and high activity, 703 00:51:36.633 --> 00:51:40.200  which is indicated by the number of sunspots on the surface. 704 00:51:40.200 --> 00:51:46.933 More sunspots mean more eruptions resulting in a higher risk for SEPs. 705 00:51:46.933 --> 00:51:49.900 But during this increased solar activity, 706 00:51:49.900 --> 00:51:51.966 the Sun’s magnetic field strengthens, 707 00:51:51.966 --> 00:51:55.633 enhancing its shield against another important source of radiation -- 708 00:51:55.633 --> 00:51:58.466 galactic cosmic rays. 709 00:51:58.466 --> 00:52:02.000 These are charged particles traveling at nearly the speed of light 710 00:52:02.000 --> 00:52:05.466 that are thought to come from supernova explosions from within our galaxy 711 00:52:05.466 --> 00:52:08.266 and possibly further out in the universe.  712 00:52:08.266 --> 00:52:14.900 If solar energetic particles are intense, sporadic storms, then galactic cosmic rays are a constant drizzle. 713 00:52:14.900 --> 00:52:19.500 Galactic cosmic rays are more sparse, but also much more energetic. 714 00:52:19.500 --> 00:52:24.300 They include heavier elements that can penetrate through vast amounts of materials. 715 00:52:24.300 --> 00:52:27.800 Understanding the rate of galactic cosmic rays 716 00:52:27.800 --> 00:52:32.166 helps us determine how much time astronauts can spend in space safely.  717 00:52:32.166 --> 00:52:37.600 To date, humans have only been on the lunar surface for a cumulative total of about 12 days. 718 00:52:37.600 --> 00:52:41.033 A trip to Mars will take 6-10 months each way. 719 00:52:41.033 --> 00:52:46.700 That means even more radiation exposure, and so NASA is doing the work to prepare for that. 720 00:52:46.700 --> 00:52:50.900 The Moon is going to be a testbed for us in order to be to prepare for Mars. 721 00:52:50.900 --> 00:52:56.666 The more that we understand the impact and the duration of radiation on the Moon, 722 00:52:56.666 --> 00:53:04.200 the more we can extrapolate that to the length of time that we will be spending in transit and on the surface of Mars. 723 00:53:04.200 --> 00:53:14.900 724 00:53:16.900 --> 00:53:18.800 The Sun and the Moon interact with the Earth 725 00:53:18.800 --> 00:53:21.500 in many ways. The Sun gives us heat, 726 00:53:21.500 --> 00:53:25.233 the Moon helps stabilize our planet's tilt, and both influence 727 00:53:25.233 --> 00:53:26.800 tides in the ocean. 728 00:53:26.800 --> 00:53:29.200 The Sun and Moon are prominent in our daily lives 729 00:53:29.200 --> 00:53:32.033 and in our cultural traditions around the world. 730 00:53:32.033 --> 00:53:33.266 And every so often, 731 00:53:33.266 --> 00:53:37.900 these three celestial bodies align to create a phenomenal sight in our sky. 732 00:53:37.900 --> 00:53:41.700 I'm talking about a total solar eclipse where the Moon totally 733 00:53:41.700 --> 00:53:45.733 blocks out the bright disk of the Sun for a short period of time. 734 00:53:45.733 --> 00:53:49.500 The next one takes place on April 8th. 2024. and will be visible 735 00:53:49.500 --> 00:53:53.366 in parts of Mexico, the United States and Canada. 736 00:53:53.366 --> 00:53:57.466 Safety is our number one priority when viewing a total solar eclipse. 737 00:53:57.466 --> 00:54:00.866 It's not safe to look directly at the Sun without specialized eye protection 738 00:54:00.866 --> 00:54:05.500 or filters if you are viewing through a camera, binoculars or a telescope. 739 00:54:05.500 --> 00:54:09.033 It's only during the moments of totality when the Moon completely blocks out 740 00:54:09.033 --> 00:54:13.266 the bright disk of the Sun that you can take a look without protection. 741 00:54:13.266 --> 00:54:16.900 You can visit solarsystem.nasa.gov/eclipses 742 00:54:16.900 --> 00:54:20.566 to learn about solar eclipses and how to observe them safely. 743 00:54:20.566 --> 00:54:23.200 Eclipse glasses are great to have or 744 00:54:23.200 --> 00:54:27.366 you can build your own indirect viewing method like a pinhole projector. 745 00:54:27.366 --> 00:54:31.500 Our next set of videos will show you the path of the 2024 total solar eclipse 746 00:54:31.500 --> 00:54:35.333 and how you can build your own pinhole projector at home. 747 00:54:38.266 --> 00:54:42.000 Solar eclipses occur when the Moon gets between the Earth and the Sun, 748 00:54:42.000 --> 00:54:45.666 allowing the Moon's long shadow to intersect the Earth. 749 00:54:45.666 --> 00:54:49.466 This is the April 8th, 2024 total solar eclipse. 750 00:54:49.466 --> 00:54:52.233 The central part of the shadow, called the Umbra 751 00:54:52.233 --> 00:54:56.333 sweeps across the surface at more than 1500 miles an hour. 752 00:54:56.333 --> 00:54:59.600 It would move even faster if the Earth weren't also rotating in the 753 00:54:59.600 --> 00:55:01.666 same direction. 754 00:55:01.666 --> 00:55:05.133 The path of the umbra is known as the path of totality. 755 00:55:05.133 --> 00:55:08.933 People in that path see the Moon completely block the Sun 756 00:55:08.933 --> 00:55:11.233 turning the day into night and revealing the Sun's 757 00:55:11.233 --> 00:55:14.466 outer atmosphere, the corona. 758 00:55:14.466 --> 00:55:17.800 The umbra is over land for just an hour and forty minutes 759 00:55:17.800 --> 00:55:22.533 before moving into the North Atlantic and then skipping off the edge of the Earth. 760 00:55:24.733 --> 00:55:26.233 Hi, my name is Parker 761 00:55:26.233 --> 00:55:30.466 and I'm going to teach you how to make a box pinhole projector. 762 00:55:31.900 --> 00:55:35.733 To get started, you'll need a cardboard box - 763 00:55:35.733 --> 00:55:38.066 cereal boxes or shoeboxes 764 00:55:38.066 --> 00:55:39.000 work great. 765 00:55:39.000 --> 00:55:43.833 You’ll also need scissors, aluminum foil, a pencil, 766 00:55:44.366 --> 00:55:47.833 a push pin, some tape and a white piece of paper 767 00:55:47.833 --> 00:55:50.833 big enough to cover one end of the box. 768 00:55:52.800 --> 00:55:57.133 Start by tracing one end of the box on the white 769 00:55:57.133 --> 00:55:58.233 sheet of paper. 770 00:55:59.400 --> 00:56:01.066 Then cut out your shape 771 00:56:01.833 --> 00:56:05.400 and place it inside of the box on the same end 772 00:56:05.400 --> 00:56:07.133 you just traced. 773 00:56:08.133 --> 00:56:09.066 Next, 774 00:56:09.066 --> 00:56:13.533 cut two square holes on the opposite end of the box. 775 00:56:13.966 --> 00:56:17.000 One on the left and one on the right. 776 00:56:17.166 --> 00:56:19.733 If you're using a cereal box, 777 00:56:19.733 --> 00:56:22.233 tape up the middle to help everything 778 00:56:22.233 --> 00:56:23.500 stay together. 779 00:56:24.400 --> 00:56:27.133 Now, cover one of the square holes 780 00:56:27.133 --> 00:56:29.866 completely with aluminum foil. 781 00:56:30.866 --> 00:56:34.000 Use tape to help the foil stay in place. 782 00:56:34.966 --> 00:56:37.966 Finally, take the push-pin and punch 783 00:56:37.966 --> 00:56:42.400 a very small hole in the center at the aluminum foil. 784 00:56:43.300 --> 00:56:44.233 Ta-daa! 785 00:56:45.433 --> 00:56:46.966 Always remember 786 00:56:46.966 --> 00:56:50.133 you should never look directly at the Sun, 787 00:56:50.133 --> 00:56:52.300 because it's very dangerous 788 00:56:52.300 --> 00:56:53.966 and will hurt your eyes. 789 00:56:54.266 --> 00:56:57.600 To use your box pinhole projector, 790 00:56:57.766 --> 00:57:00.766 stand with your back to the Sun. 791 00:57:01.200 --> 00:57:04.100 Then hold the large square hole 792 00:57:04.100 --> 00:57:07.233 up to your eye and move the box around 793 00:57:07.233 --> 00:57:10.466 until you see the sun projected on the paper. 794 00:57:11.833 --> 00:57:15.100 Watching a solar eclipse is a great way 795 00:57:15.100 --> 00:57:20.166 for anyone to do science. But remember, you have to be careful. 796 00:57:20.333 --> 00:57:21.500 Stay safe. 797 00:57:21.666 --> 00:57:23.500 Happy eclipse watching! 798 00:57:33.033 --> 00:57:35.000 Well, that concludes our program. 799 00:57:35.000 --> 00:57:36.700 Thanks to each and every one of you 800 00:57:36.700 --> 00:57:40.666 for watching and celebrating International Observe the Moon Night with us. 801 00:57:40.666 --> 00:57:43.500 We hope that you have a chance to go outside and take a look at the Moon 802 00:57:43.500 --> 00:57:47.600 in the sky, or find your own special way to connect with the Moon. 803 00:57:47.600 --> 00:57:50.366 We also hope you'll share how you are participating with us 804 00:57:50.366 --> 00:57:54.333 through moon.nasa.gov/observe and by tagging 805 00:57:54.333 --> 00:57:57.933 Observe the Moon on your favorite social media platform. 806 00:57:57.933 --> 00:57:59.400 The website also has a survey 807 00:57:59.400 --> 00:58:03.466 you can fill out to help us make this event even better in the future. 808 00:58:03.466 --> 00:58:04.633 A final big thanks goes 809 00:58:04.633 --> 00:58:08.700 to the Solar System Exploration Division at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center 810 00:58:08.700 --> 00:58:12.633 and to NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter for sponsoring International 811 00:58:12.633 --> 00:58:14.166 Observe the Moon Night. 812 00:58:14.166 --> 00:58:17.433 We really appreciate this opportunity each year to share highlights 813 00:58:17.433 --> 00:58:22.166 of lunar science and exploration and to celebrate the Moon with all of you. 814 00:58:22.166 --> 00:58:24.466 Thanks again for watching.